Studies in heterocyclic chemistry

Imperial Users onl

An Experimental Investigation on the Flow Behaviour in a Transpired Air Collector

An experimental investigation of the flow dynamics in a transpired air collector channel with a corrugated surface is presented. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to obtain twodimensional velocity fields to compare the effects of surface heating on the flow for five flow rates. Mean velocity and turbulent property profiles are presented and compared. Proper orthogonal decomposition and wavenumber spectrum analyses were also conducted to investigate the underlying interactions between the turbulent structures that comprise the complex flow behaviour observed in corrugated flows. Results show that the corrugated waveform was the primary source of turbulence at all flow rates and heating conditions, which produced enhanced turbulent properties in its vicinity. However, under an applied heat flux, the flow at the lowest flow rate the flow was primarily buoyancy driven, where buoyancy induced stabilities and heating effects were strongest

South African apartheid and the 1976 Torontolympiad: A historical analysis of influential actions and events affecting the 5th Paralympic Games (Ontario).

The 5th Paralympic Games were hosted by the Borough of Etobicoke in the City of Toronto, August 3rd to the 11 th 1976. Staged amidst great turmoil resulting from the participation of a team from South Africa, these games have been recognized by the founding father of the Paralympic Games, Sir Ludwig Guttmann, as the first Paralympic festival to be directly impacted by political forces. This paper identifies the events and actions that played a significant role in the development and eventual staging of the 1976 Paralympic Games. It highlights the perspective of influential agents and their roles in the organization of the games, outlines the relationship between the Canadian federal government and the Organizing Committee, and provides a chronological timeline of events leading up to the staging of the games. Decision making processes, their actors, and resultant actions ultimately influencing the Torontolympiad are analyzed throughout this paper. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews, extensive archival reviews, and newspaper analysis, this paper highlights a frame in time that was important to the development and staging of the Torontolympiad. Archives utilized include the National Archives of Canada, the Province of Ontario Archives, and the City of Toronto Archives. Analysis reveals that although the Torontolympiad Organizing Committee defied the Federal Government by accepting the entries of the South African team, the outcomes of their decision had a positive impact on the Torontolympiad. The Torontolympiad forced the Canadian Federal Government to realize that disability sport was a legitimate state concern, and thrust the Paralympic Games into the spotlight of the Canadian media.Dept. of Human Kinetics. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis2005 .G745. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-01, page: 0132. Thesis (M.H.K.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2005

An investigation into the function of single-neuron activity in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system of the rat

The mesoaccumbens dopamine system has been implicated in many basic psychological processes (e.g. "wanting" and "liking") and illnesses (e.g. addiction, depression, schizophrenia). However, the precise computational functions of nucleus accumbens and dopamine neurons within the system remain unknown. In this thesis, we test some of the current hypotheses regarding the function of this system using a behavioural neurophysiology approach in the rat. The first question we wanted to answer was whether nucleus accumbens neurons process reward-predictive stimuli (e.g. conditioned reinforcers) and reward delivery differently, since previous studies report equivocal findings. To do so, we trained thirsty rats to bar-press on a second-order schedule of saccharin reinforcement, within which the temporal pattern of rats' bar-pressing was reinforced by presentations of a conditioned reinforcer and primary reinforcer (reward). We found that nucleus accumbens neurons typically responded to these conditioned and primary reinforcers with opposite sign, which suggests they were processed differently. We were not sure whether responses to conditioned reinforcers encoded reward-prediction or facilitated a behavioural switch in the rat's behaviour. Indeed, since studies using a variety of experimental techniques have implicated the mesoaccumbens dopamine system in both reward prediction and behavioural switching, we sought to test whether neurons in the nucleus accumbens and dopamine-rich areas of the midbrain respond to outcome-associated stimuli to predict reward or switch behaviour. We found both sets of neurons predominantly did the former. Finally, to understand more about reward consummatory responses from both sets of neurons, we developed a rat behavioural task providing measures of reward "wanting" and "liking". In conclusion, on the basis of our data, the most parsimonious explanation for the function of the mesoaccumbens dopamine system is that it acts to modulate goal-seeking behaviour. Further research is required to identify the function of the interactions between nucleus accumbens and dopamine neurons during goal-seeking and goal consumption

Sleeping sickness: being an account of the investigations of the Commission of the Royal Society in Uganda, the Nile Valley and Sudan, from May 1903 to February 1905

I was directed by the Government of India in April 1903 to proceed to Uganda to investigate Sleeping Sickness on their behalf, in order to obtain exact information regarding it, so that measures might be taken to prevent it's gaining an entrance into India. A Commission had just been appointed by the Royal Society for this purpose. The Government of India, through the Secretary of State, asked permission from the Royal Society for me to join the Commission as their Representative. This sanction was given, and I met the Commission in Uganda on 25th May 1903. The Commission was composed of Col David Bruce F.R.S. Dr Nabarro and Myself. We worked together until Aug 1903, when Col Bruce left for England. Dr Nabarro left shorly after. I continued the work alone elaborating and extending the investigations in Uganda until Nov 1904 I then conducted an expedition to Lake Albert and from there down the Nile through the Sudan and Egypt. The object of this expedition was to determine for the Uganda Administration, whether Sleeping Sickness was present on the shores of Lake Albert and if so, to determine exactly the distribution of the disease and the fly on the Lake and down the Nile: and further, for the information of the Government of Egypt, how far, if at all, the fly extended into the territory of the Sudan; a matter of great practical importance in view of the possible northward spread of the disease into Egypt.I propose, in this Thesis, to bring forward the results of the work of the Commission. The work done by us up to the time of Col Bruce's departure for England has been published in the Reports of the Sleep-Sickness Commission of the Royal Society No 4, Nov 1903. The investigation carried on by me until my arrival in England, on leave, in Feby 1905, has formed the subject of a Report, which has been submitted to the Royal Society. The Royal Society having decided to publish this Report, it is now being printed by the Stationery Department at the request cf the Royal Society. I had the assistance of Lieut Gray R.A.M.C. in the work from March to Nov 1904, but the investigations were under my direction, and I was entirely responsible for them from the time of Col Bruce's and Dr Nabarro' departure. The Report presented by me to the Royal Society was drawn up by myself. Having thus detailed the work done in conjunction with my Colleagues on the Commission and that done by myself, I shall now, set forth the results of our researches in their entirety and proper sequence.Since in this Report a good deal of detail will be given, the propositions, that this Thesis brings forward evidence to prove, may be briefly stated:-1. That sleeping sickness is caused by the entrance into the tissues cf a species of trypanosoma.2. That this species is, probably, that discovered by Forde and described by Dutton from the West Coast of Africa and called by him the Trypanosoma gambiense.3. That so-called cases of Trypanosoma Fever from the West Coast are cases of sleeping sickness in the earliest stages.4. That enlargement of lymphatic glands containing trypanosornes in large numbers is the essential feature of Trypanosoma Fever: sleeping sickness is Trypanosoma Fever with in addition, signs and symptoms due to changes in the nervous system, and the appearance cf these symptoms synchronises with the appearance in number of the trypanosomes in the cerebro-spinal fluid.5. That 70 to 80% of the general population of the sleeping sickness areas of Uganda are in the early stage of the disease.6. That monkeys are susceptible to sleeping sickness, and show the same symptoms and run the same course, whether the trypanosomes are derived from cases of trypanosoma fever, or from the cerebro-spinal fluid of cases of sleeping sickness. The pathological changes found in man in cases of sleeping sickness can also be reproduced in monkeys.7. That dogs, rats and guinea-pigs are partially susceptible, but donkeys, oxen, goats, and sheep have proved absolutely refractory.8. That the trypanosones are conveyed from the sick to the healthy by a species of tsetse fly, Gloss-fina palpalis, and possibly certain other varieties of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes, norsitans, fusca and lengipennis).9. That the distribution of sleeping sickness and Glossina palpalis correspond.10. That sleeping sickness has recently infected the fly belt of the Albert Lake and it has spread down the banks of the Nile to Wadelai (about 100 miles); it will continue, under existing circumstances, to spread until it reaches the limit of the fly belt on the Nile.11. That sleeping sickness is,in short,a human tsetse fly disease, and the lymphatic system is mainly involved.The stage at which our knowledge of the etiology of this disease in Uganda had reached on the arrival of the Commission was, that the cause of the disease was a streptococcus (CASTELLANI). Whilst searching for this organism in the cerebro-spinal fluid of sleeping sickness cases, Castellani saw, in 5 cases atrypanosoma, but, at that time, he was of opinion, that this was an accidental concomitant, like Filaria perstans. Accordingly the Cmmission had to determine, 1) The exact cause of the maladv; 2) How it was spread from the sick to the healthy. In a Conference held on the 22nd March 1905, between the Royal Society, Colonial and Foreign Offices, the Royal Society, in a Memorandum, held that these facts had been satisfactorily proved by the researches of the Commission in Uganda. This Memorandum was based on the Reports submitted by their Commission on sleeping sickness in Uganda

New methods for unmixing sediment grain size data

Grain size distribution (GSD) data are widely used in Earth sciences and although large data sets are regularly generated, detailed numerical analyses are not routine. Unmixing GSDs into components can help understand sediment provenance and depositional regimes/processes. End-member analysis (EMA), which fits one set of end-members to a given data set, is a powerful way to unmix GSDs into geologically meaningful parts. EMA estimates end-members based on covariability within a data set and can be considered as a nonparametric approach. Available EMA algorithms, however, either produce suboptimal solutions or are time consuming. We introduce unmixing algorithms inspired by hyperspectral image analysis that can be applied to GSD data and which provide an improvement over current techniques. Nonparametric EMA is often unable to identify unimodal grain size subpopulations that correspond to single sediment sources. An alternative approach is single-specimen unmixing (SSU), which unmixes individual GSDs into unimodal parametric distributions (e.g., lognormal). We demonstrate that the inherent nonuniqueness of SSU solutions renders this approach unviable for estimating underlying mixing processes. To overcome this, we develop a new algorithm to perform parametric EMA, whereby an entire data set can be unmixed into unimodal parametric end-members (e.g., Weibull distributions). This makes it easier to identify individual grain size subpopulations in highly mixed data sets. To aid investigators in applying these methods, all of the new algorithms are available in AnalySize, which is GUI software for processing and unmixing grain size data

David Greig – Spark at play: a dialogue with Vassiliki Kolocotroni and Willy Maley

No abstract available

The Temporal Pattern of Recovery in Eccentric Hamstring Strength Post-Localised Fatigue

BACKGROUND Eccentric hamstring training is a contemporary approach to reducing injury risk in elite footballers. Understanding the temporal pattern of recovery would inform training design. METHODS 20 male professional football players completed baseline assessments of eccentric hamstring strength at isokinetic speeds of 60, 150 and 300°·s-1. Post-exercise assessments were repeated immediately, +24hrs, +48hrs and +72hrs. Main effects for recovery time and testing speed in average torque (AvT), peak torque (PT) and the corresponding angle (Ɵ) were supplemented by regression modelling to describe the temporal pattern of recovery. RESULTS A main effect for recovery time highlighted greater strength pre exercise, with a quadratic pattern to temporal recovery highlighting minima attained at 35.2 – 41.0 hrs. CONCLUSIONS Strength parameters are not fully recovered until 82 hrs post localised fatigue, with the angle of peak torque at high speeds recovering at a much slower rate, with implications for training design